Criticisms of the program include ineffective screening of caretakers, insufficient follow-ups on placements, and that many children were used as strictly slave farm labor. They were mostly the children of new immigrants and the children of the poor and destitute families living in these cities. The co-founders of the Orphan Train movement claimed that these children were orphaned, abandoned, abused, or homeless, but this was not always true. The orphan trains operated between 18, relocating from about 200,000 children. The Orphan Train Movement was a supervised welfare program that transported children from crowded Eastern cities of the United States to foster homes located largely in rural areas of the Midwest. For the TV movie, see Orphan Train (film). As the quotation in the front matter states, fear is “often the most difficult burden to surrender” (i).This article is about the Orphan Train Movement. Vivian saves everything from her past, as demonstrated by her overstuffed attic, and this tendency to hoard her belongings symbolizes her inability to heal and move on from her past. In this sense of the term, Vivian and Molly are opposites. Kline develops the theme of portage most fully through her character’s symbolic portages, wherein portaging all of one’s belongings represents emotional rather than physical baggage.
Their forced portages make them fearful of rejection and cause them to shut down emotionally, in an attempt to protect themselves from further rejection or loss.
Each move represents another instance of rejection by those charged with caring for and loving them.
These moves are emotionally painful for both women. Vivian, too, moves frequently in her childhood: from Ireland to the U.S., from New York City to Minnesota, and then from the Byrnes to the Grotes to the Nielsens. Therefore in nine years she has moved all of her things twelve times. Molly reports that the Thibodeaus are her twelfth foster family. For example, both Molly and Vivian have literally moved many times, taking all of their belongings with them.
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